Prince Upi

Prince Upi
hi iam prince upi an welcome in my site this is about Prince Upi. Join to Prince upi fans to start connecting with Prince Upi. Okay, where should I start?? i am is simpe life, easy going, keep smiling ,177 cm, weight 70 I am outgoing, patient, moody, complicated, cheerful, talkative, caring, loving, understanding, a good listener and pretty open-minded about anything. I hate close-minded people. Someone who thinks he is better than everyone else, I mean, WAKE UP?!! We are the same in God's eyes... I love dancing, listening to all kinds of music especially songs with beautiful lyrics. I am a music freak, movie bug and a... FASHIONISTA!! (maybe that's why I am a big spender... ;p). I believe in God and karma. I believe that we'll get something in return in everything we do. I hate judgemental people. People who is such a know-all. I am who I am and I'm not gonna change myself for any particular reasons. You should respect yourself because if it's not you then WHO ELSE WILL?? Always treat someone like you wanna be treated. Last but not least, I'm gonna leave you with these deep thought look the other my site in http://princeupiadventurefotografi.blogspot.com/

Senin, 14 Juni 2010

Prince Upi in Mahakam River







Menjelajah kalimantan timur tak lepas dari ribuan sungai yang mengalirinya salah satu sungai terbesar adalah sungai mahakam petualangan prince upi mengexplore pulau borneo memberikan kesan tersendiri terhadap prince upi berbagaikeindahan alam , budaya , sosial masyarakat lokal yang memiliki hubungan sangat erat dengan sungai ini , dalam pertemuan Tahunan di Pegunungan himalaya bersama The World Club Adventure (WCA) Prince upi sempat menyatakan tentang penjelajahannya menyusuri sungai mahakam di hadapan ratusan Anggota WCA ia menceritakan Tentang sungai ini Prince Upi mengatakan : Mahakam river is the biggest river in East Kalimantan province. This 920 km long river flows from its upper stream in Kutai Barat to its lower stream in Kutai Kartanegara and Samarinda.Mahakam is very important for most inhabitants in the province as some areas are only accessible by river. Transportation of goods also relies on this transportation means. This river empties itself in Tenggarong, Belayan and Lawa rivers.

The Mahakam River is in Indonesia. It flows 980 km from the district of Long Apari in the highlands of Borneo, to its mouth at the Makassar Strait.The city of Samarinda, the provincial capital of East Kalimantan, lies along the river 48 km (30 mil)lrom the river mouth.Mahakam River is the largest river in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, with a catchment area of approximately 77,000 km2. The catchment lies between 2 N to 1 S latitude and 113 E to 118 E longitude. The river originates in Cemaru[1] from where it flows south-eastwards, meeting the River Kedang Pahu at the city of Muara Pahu. From there, the river flows eastward through the Mahakam lakes region, which is a flat tropical lowland area surrounded by peat land. Thirty shallow lakes are situated in this area, which are connected to the Mahakam through small channels Downstream of the connection with the Semayang and Melintang lakes, the Mahakam meets three other main tributaries – the rivers Belayan, Kedang Kepala, and Kedang Rantau – and flows south-eastwards through the Mahakam delta distributaries, to the Makassar Strait.

Kalimantan, where the Mahakam lies, is part of the Sunda Continental Plate. The large island has mountain ranges between Indonesia and Malaysia, however, volcanism is absent in this island. As described by van Bemmelen (1949), River Mahakam rises in Cemaru (1,681 m) in the centre of Kalimantan, from there it cuts through the pre-tertiary axis of the island east of the Batuayan (1,652 m) and then reaches the tertiary basin of Kutai Its middle course traverses a lowland plain with many marshy lakes. This intermontane depression is separated from the neighboring basin, the Barito depression, by a broad hilly tract of less than 500m altitude. After this region, the Mahakam cuts through the Samarinda anticlinorium and reaches its alluvial delta, which spreads like a broad fan over the shelf-sea, with a base of 65 km and a radius of about 30 km

In the Atlas of East Kalimantan (Voss, 1983) it is depicted that upstream of Long Iram (upstream part of Mahakam river basin) the river is flowing in tertiary rocks. Between Long Iram and Muara Kaman (middle Mahakam area) the river is flowing in quaternary alluvium, while in the downstream area between Muara Kaman and the coast including the Mahakam delta, tertiary rocks are again present. The presence of the large delta is explained by the formation and rejuvenation of the hilly region near Samarinda.The Mahakam catchment is around the equator. According to Köppen climate classification, this area belongs to type Af (tropical rainforest) that has a minimum temperature ?18oC and precipitation of the driest month in normal year ?60 mm[6] Transfer of mass and energy in the tropical zone occurred through general air circulation known as the Hadley cell. According to Seidel et al. (2008) the precipitation pattern in this area is largely determined by this large-scale atmospheric wind patterns, which is observable in several ways throughout the atmosphere. This circulation carries moisture into the air, generating rainfall in equatorial regions, whereas at the edges of the tropical belt are drier[7]. Within this circulation, evaporation is intensively occurred around the equator on the centre of low pressure called the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), characterized by accumulation of cloud in the area. The ITCZ moves following the pseudo-motion of the sun within 23.5oN and 23.5oS zone, therefore its position always changes according to this motion.

The ITCZ drives the Indo-Australian monsoon phenomena which influence the regional climate including the Mahakam catchment. In December, January, February (winter in northern hemisphere) the concentration of high pressure in Asia and low pressure in Australia make the west wind blows in Indonesia (west monsoon). In June, July, August concentration of low pressure in Asia (summer in northern hemisphere) and concentration of high pressure in Australia make the east wind blows in Indonesia (east monsoon). Due to the global air circulation and the regional climate mentioned above, the Mahakam catchment which is located around the equator has a bimodal rainfall pattern with two peaks of rainfall, which are generally occurred in December and May. This is because the ITCZ passed through the equator twice a year, from the northern hemisphere in September and from the southern hemisphere in March

There are about 76 lakes spread in the Mahakam river basin and about 30 lakes are located in the middle Mahakam area including the three main lakes (Lake Jempang 15,000 Ha; Lake Semayang 13,000 Ha; Lake Melintang 11,000 Ha)[9]. The lakes levels are seasonally fluctuated from 0.5m – 1m during dry period to seven meters during rainy season. The Mahakam lakes and surrounding wetlands act as a trap of sediment contained in the water flowing into the lakes which are now known to become shallower, presumably as a result of an imbalance between sediment input and slow subsidence.

Fishing is the primary source of livelihood in the Mahakam lakes area, most of the people around the lakes are fishermen. The middle Mahakam lake area is an area of intensive fishing activity with a productivity of 25,000 to 35,000 metric tons per year since 1970, The Mahakam delta is a mixed fluvial-tidal dominated delta. The delta covers about 1800 km2, consisting of mangrove areas near the shore, Nypa swamps in the central areas, and lowland forest near the apex, corresponding to the first bifurcation,[5] however, recent fishery development in this area has converted a vast area of mangrove into shrimp ponds (tambak). The delta has three main distributaries system directed Northeast, Southeast and South. The area between distributaries consists of a series of tidal channels generally unconnected to the main distributaries.[The distributary channels are narrow and rectilinear with the depth ranging from 8 to 15 m and distributary channel bifurcations appear every 10 to 15 km.

This lower Mahakam area is the second most productive hydrocarbon basin of Indonesia which contains around 3 billon barrels of oil and 30 Tcf of gas reserves. Field geological investigations in this area was started in 1888 and in 1897 exploration drilling discovered oil at shallow depth of 46 m on the Louise structure. Production started in 1898 followed by expansion of exploration to the entire Mahakam, " yang dalam bahasa indonesia berarti :

sungai Mahakam adalah sungai terbesar di provinsi Kalimantan Timur sungai ini sepanjang 920 km mengalir dari hulu di Kutai Barat ke sungai yang lebih rendah di Kutai Kartanegara dan Samarinda.Mahakam sangat penting bagi sebagian besar penduduk di provinsi ini karena beberapa daerah hanya dapat diakses oleh sungai. Transportasi barang juga mengandalkan transportasi ini berarti. sungai ini bermuara sendiri di Tenggarong, Belayan dan sungai Lawa. Sungai Mahakam Mengalir 980 Km dari distrik Long Apari di dataran tinggi Kalimantan, ke muaranya di kota Makassar Strait.The Samarinda, ibukota provinsi Kalimantan Timur, terletak di sepanjang sungai 48 km (30 mil) dari mulut sungai Sungai Mahakam. adalah sungai terbesar di Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia, dengan luas tangkapan sekitar 77.000 km2. DAS terletak antara 2 1 sampai N lintang S dan 113 E hingga 118 bujur E. Sungai ini berasal dari Cemaru [1] dari mana mengalir ke selatan-timur, pertemuan Sungai Kedang Pahu di Muara Pahu kota. Dari sana, sungai itu mengalir ke arah timur melalui daerah danau Mahakam, yang merupakan daerah dataran rendah tropis datar dikelilingi oleh lahan gambut. Tiga puluh danau dangkal yang terletak di daerah ini, yang terhubung ke Hilir Mahakam melalui saluran kecil sehubungan dengan danau Semayang dan Melintang, Mahakam bertemu tiga anak sungai utama lainnya - sungai Belayan, Kedang Kepala, dan Kedang Rantau - dan arus selatan-timur melalui distributaries delta Mahakam, dengan Selat Makassar.

Pulau Kalimantan, di mana terletak Mahakam disana, merupakan bagian dari Sunda Continental Plate. Pulau besar memiliki pegunungan antara Indonesia dan Malaysia, Namun, gunung api tidak ada di pulau ini. Seperti dijelaskan oleh van Bemmelen (1949), Sungai Mahakam naik di Cemaru (1.681 m) di tengah Kalimantan, dari sana itu memotong melalui sumbu pra-tersier pulau timur m (Batuayan 1652) dan kemudian mencapai tersier cekungan Kutai . melintasi jalan tengah dataran berawa dataran rendah dengan banyak danau. Intermontane depresi ini dipisahkan dari cekungan tetangga, depresi Barito, dengan saluran berbukit luas kurang dari 500 juta ketinggian. Setelah daerah ini, Mahakam memotong melalui anticlinorium Samarinda dan mencapai delta aluvial, yang menyebar seperti kipas luas atas laut-rak, dengan dasar 65 km dan radius sekitar 30 km

Dalam Atlas Kalimantan Timur (Voss, 1983) itu menggambarkan bahwa hulu Long Iram (bagian hulu Sungai Mahakam) sungai mengalir di batuan tersier. Antara Long Iram dan Muara Kaman (tengah Mahakam area) sungai mengalir di aluvium kuaterner, sedangkan di daerah hilir antara Muara Kaman dan pantai termasuk delta Mahakam, batuan tersier kembali hadir. Kehadiran delta besar dijelaskan oleh pembentukan dan peremajaan daerah berbukit dekat DAS Mahakam Samarinda.The adalah sekitar khatulistiwa. Menurut klasifikasi iklim Köppen, wilayah ini termasuk tipe A / (hutan hujan tropis) yang memiliki suhu minimum 18oC dan curah hujan bulan terkering di tahun normal 60 mm Transfer massa dan energi di zona tropis terjadi melalui umum sirkulasi udara yang dikenal sebagai sel Hadley. Menurut Seidel et al. (2008) pola curah hujan di daerah ini sangat ditentukan oleh pola angin skala besar atmosfer, yang diamati dalam beberapa cara seluruh atmosfer. sirkulasi ini membawa uap air ke udara, menghasilkan curah hujan di daerah khatulistiwa, sedangkan di pinggiran sabuk tropis kering . Dalam sirkulasi ini, penguapan secara intensif terjadi disekitar khatulistiwa di pusat tekanan rendah yang disebut Zona Konvergensi intertropis (ITCZ), ditandai dengan akumulasi awan di daerah tersebut. The ITCZ bergerak mengikuti gerak semu matahari dalam 23.5oN dan 23.5oS zona, sehingga posisinya selalu berubah sesuai dengan gerakan ini.

fenomena ITCZ monsun Indo-Australia yang mempengaruhi iklim regional termasuk tangkapan Mahakam. Pada bulan Desember, Januari, Februari (musim dingin di belahan bumi utara) konsentrasi tekanan tinggi di Asia dan tekanan rendah di Australia membuat angin bertiup di Indonesia barat (musim barat). Pada bulan Juni, Juli, Agustus konsentrasi tekanan rendah di Asia (musim panas di belahan bumi utara) dan konsentrasi tekanan tinggi di Australia membuat angin timur bertiup di Indonesia (musim timur). Karena sirkulasi udara global dan iklim daerah yang disebutkan di atas, tangkapan air Mahakam yang terletak di sekitar ekuator yang memiliki pola curah hujan bimodal dengan dua puncak curah hujan, yang pada umumnya terjadi pada bulan Desember dan Mei. Hal ini karena ITCZ melewati ekuator dua kali setahun, dari belahan bumi utara pada bulan September dan dari belahan bumi selatan Maret

Ada sekitar 76 danau yang tersebar di daerah aliran sungai Mahakam dan sekitar 30 danau yang terletak di kawasan tengah Mahakam termasuk tiga danau utama (Danau Jempang 15.000 Ha, Danau Semayang 13.000 Ha, Danau Melintang 11.000 Ha) [9]. Tingkat danau musiman berfluktuasi dari 0.5m - 1m selama periode kering sampai tujuh meter pada musim hujan. Danau Mahakam dan sekitarnya lahan basah bertindak sebagai perangkap sedimen yang terkandung dalam air yang mengalir ke dalam danau yang sekarang dikenal menjadi dangkal, mungkin sebagai akibat dari ketidakseimbangan antara input sedimen dan penurunan lambat.

Perikanan merupakan sumber utama mata pencaharian di daerah danau Mahakam, sebagian besar orang di sekitar danau adalah nelayan. Wilayah tengah danau Mahakam merupakan daerah aktivitas nelayan intensif dengan produktivitas 25.000 menjadi 35.000 metrik ton per tahun sejak tahun 1970, Delta Mahakam merupakan delta didominasi fluvial-pasang surut campuran. delta ini mencakup sekitar 1800 km2, terdiri dari kawasan mangrove di dekat pantai, Nypa rawa-rawa di daerah pusat, dan hutan dataran rendah di dekat puncak, sesuai dengan bifurkasi pertama, Namun, perkembangan perikanan di daerah ini telah dikonversi yang luas area mangrove menjadi tambak udang (tambak). delta ini memiliki tiga sistem utama diarahkan distributaries Timur Laut, Tenggara dan Selatan. Wilayah antara distributaries terdiri dari serangkaian saluran pasang surut umumnya tidak terkait dengan distributaries utama,Saluran distributary. Yang sempit dan bujursangkar dengan kedalaman antara 8-15 m dan saluran bifurcations distributary muncul setiap 10 sampai 15 km.

Daerah Mahakam ini lebih rendah merupakan cekungan hidrokarbon kedua yang paling produktif di Indonesia yang berisi sekitar 3 miliar barel minyak dan 30 TCF cadangan gas. Bidang investigasi geologi di daerah ini dimulai pada 1888 dan pada tahun 1897 pengeboran eksplorasi menemukan minyak pada kedalaman 46 m di struktur Louise. Produksi dimulai pada 1898 diikuti dengan perluasan eksplorasi ke seluruh Mahakam "